There are a large amount of worms (more than 260 species) parasitic forms that belong to the subtype of flat and roundworms.Parasit worms have long been known by the scientific term helminths, in this respect the branch of parasitology, studying them, was called helminthology.With the term "helminths", the word "worms" descending from the Latin root coincides in the meaning, which means "slippery".
Representatives of pathogens of parasitic diseases belong to the kingdom of animals.They parasitize on other living things (plants, mushrooms, animals), and therefore science has emerged parasitology engaged in the study of all parasitic organisms.It is a general parasitology and it has already been awarded helminthology, that is, a science that studies diseases caused by parasitic worms.
For the development of parasitic worms, the owner must be needed, that is, the being whose body is a constant or temporary habitat of the parasite and at the same time serves as a source of its diet.The owners of the parasites are divided into intermediates (in them the helminth passes the stages of the larvae), and the finale (in them and only in them Helmint becomes sexually mature, invasive).
No organ and one tissue of one person is safe from the possibility of invading one or the other helminth, but this is when the parasite is already in the human body.
Others are no less importantHelminest properties, namely:
- For example, in such an ancient helminth, such as ascaride, it is necessary to take into account the action of its anti -enzymes - anti -pusin and antipsin, which disrupt the digestive process.The volatile substances contained in the internal liquid ascaride cause various toxic allergic reactions: urticaria, bronchospasm and convulsions, lacrimation and headache;
- Stage of development (eggs, larva, change of owners);
- Sexual reproduction, in which the exchange of genetic information occurs and this is the highest stage of development, which leads to an increase in the heterogeneous population, that is, they become less vulnerable and reached, it is difficult to reach them;
- a long duration of individual life (years, and sometimes as much as the owner of the life of the parasite, and that means the chronic course of helminth);
- The Ability to Suppress Or Modify the Host's Immune Response, That Is, Sooner Or Later, A State of Functional Immunodeficieency Arises, and This is Extremely undesiraBle, BecauseAny Wealthy Pathogenic Agents Are Created, As Well As the Conditions for the “Terminating” of endogenous foci of infection, IF Any prevously there is (which, unfortunately)often) and often) and often) and often) "draza", restrained by the high -level immune system;
- The presence of one or the other helminth of the immune response is weak and unstable, which means that there are virtually no methods of immunoprophylaxis;
- the widest distribution, many habitats (water, soil, air, plants, etc.);
- The ability of eggs to continue to exist in the external environment (years) for a long time.
These properties allow one or the other type to survive in seemingly "inhumane conditions".
The frequency of helminthiasis in the world is extremely high: of almost 6 billion people living on the planet now, 4 billion are struck by one or the other type of helminthosis, and given the fact that many of them are "carriers" in several parasites at a time, the picture will become even more impressive.
The reaction of the body
A person with his powerful set of compensatory-adaptive reactions, the immune system, a variety of non-specific protective barriers, and the helminth subordinates, cannot but respond to his presence, although the almost asymptomatic course of helminthiasis is sometimes noted.But this is extremely rare and most often the following can be identified:
- Various toxic allergic reactions, often skin.In addition, if the cause of such reactions remains unhappy and clinical manifestations are performed, a thorough examination is first required for the presence of helminth invasion;
- Neuropsychiatric disorders.They are caused by a helminth invasion, in which toxic substances are constantly entering the bloodstream, maintaining a certain level of toxin, leading to irritability, emotional lability, "unmotivated" foci of anger, loss of concentration, persistence, rapid fatigue and sleep disorder.The increasing general weakness is characteristic.One of the patients, the athlete, complained that there was no "power to shake a friend's hand at a meeting";
- Dispeptic syndrome: varied, from Ephemer to manifesting symptoms, including discomfort or abdominal pain, often rare localization and intensity, roaring and swelling of the abdomen and feeling of rupture in the abdomen;and a change in appetite, as in the direction of increase (one of the reasons for the unreasonable doctor is "good appetite, it means that I am healthy") and a significant decrease in appetite, to anorexia;This is a stool disorder from constipation to diarrhea;This is the development of multifactorial deep dysbiosis;
- Many helminths feed on the owner's blood, such as hemophags, absorb vitamin B12 and disrupt the process of absorption of the anti -neuthemic substance in the small intestine, damaging the intestinal mucosa often and shallow, but on a large area.All this leads to chronic blood loss, and in some cases the development of anemia (anemia).Here it is necessary to take into account the inhibitory effect of toxins on the hematopoietic organs, which is also important for the development of anemia.Helminiasis often detects an increased content of eosinophils (leukocyte cells actively involved in allergic reactions);
- The presence of a helminth invasion, subjected to the development of anemia, especially in children, can lead to slowing growth and physical underdevelopment, probably even with increased appetite;
- In children, various toxic-allergic reactions after vaccination are often observed during the planned vaccinations;
- Helminthosis often causes exacerbation of chronic diseases, while the location of helminths and the location of the interested body can be completely different in localization in the body;
- Sometimes, in general, it is not very common here, and maybe the principle is triggered that "it is not a profitable parasite to destroy its victim to the end, otherwise it will not be parasitized, and the shelter and food for one night is lost, but the conditions are not incompatible with the owner's life.For example, with echinococcosis of the liver, fine brain.It should be noted that even the pathogenicity of helminths is significantly fluctuating depending on the object of parasitism.For example, for a person, Echinocok is extremely dangerous and beef has lived safely for many years, such as organs germinated with enclosure bubbles, reaching a mass of several pounds.
Characteristics of parasitic worms
Helmins in the human body do not multiply, except for species such as a cutter, dwarf Tapeen.Helmint enters the body in the form of eggs or larvae.There is no direct infection of people affected by helminths, with the exception of those who are cannigi (gymnopidosis, entorobiosis).
The infection from other helminths occurs either through the soil (dirty hands - intestines - ascaridosis), or when the skin is contact with the soil (string) or water (schistosomosis), or when eating (shadowarnichosis, difyllobotriosis).
In the body, the helminths live in different organs and tissues: in the intestine - ascaris, pinari, tapeworm, tape;in the liver - echinococci, opistorchi;In the muscles - trichinella;In the lungs - paragonimus, in the blood - fillet, schistosomes.
Olistorchus filineus foil
The infection of humans or animals occurs when eating raw or dried fish: YA, cockroach, platypus.Bicon -bicon parasitizes in the liver and intestines of a person, dog, cats.Changes in the liver are characterized by jaundice, hepatitis, gallstones, cirrhosis.For prevention purposes, it is not recommended to eat raw or chilled fish.
Pulmonary Paragoninus Westermani
These duels live in pairs in the lungs, in cysts formed on the smallest bronchi.The owners are man, cat, dog, pig.
The infection occurs when eating affected raw crabs or crabs.Bicondliog penetrates the abdominal cavity, then through the diaphragm - into the lungs.The clinic is characterized by a persistent cough, especially in the morning, with the disposal of a rusty color of the phlegm, probably with the admixture of blood.When the metastases of eggs or parasites themselves are affected by the liver, spleen, brain.With damage to the clinic's brain depends on the location of the parasite (convulsive syndrome, paralysis, seizures).
It is not recommended to eat raw crabs and crabs for preventative purposes.
Another class includes flat worms - these are ribbon worms, which in turn are divided into strips and chain units.
The rumps of the strip in the overlapping state are the inhabitants of the intestinal vertebrate animals.
Along with similar characteristics inherent in the tape tape, there are significant differences between the tape and the tapeworm.This is especially important in the diagnostic plan when it is necessary to identify parasites.
Helmint is released in the ribbons - a wide band (Difillobotrium Latum), which causes a disease called dipylobotriosis.The tape is wide - a giant helminth, reaching a length of 15 m.It is a slaughter parasite, lives in the small intestine of a person, dogs, cats.
One is infected when eating insufficiently fried or poorly salted fish (river - Ruf, perch, Bourbot; lake - trout, gray) with live larvae.The infection is often manifested by fresh, so that a lively pike caviar.Some lovers pull caviar from the abdomen directly into the mouth and with it the larvae can act, causing infection.
Dyphilobotry clinical picture is dominated by dyspeptic disorders: discomfort and abdominal pain of unstable localization, roaring, nausea, sometimes vomiting, change in appetite, unstable stools.It often develops, especially with a long course of the disease, anemia (anemia).In dipylobotriosis, one of the main causes of anemia is the deficiency of vitamin B12.
Helmint takes vitamin B12 and other nutrients, eagerly sucks them with the entire surface of his body, which, like the key to the lock, approaches the joint of the bowel and thus increases the suction surface.With the development of anemia, the number of red blood cells decreases, degenerative forms, including macrocytes and megaloblasts, occur.This shows that with a latent invasion course there are still changes, which in the future can lead to the appearance of malignant anemia with wax paleness of the face, skin, acute weakness, tachycardia.
When diagnosing dipylobotrysa, the clinical picture of the disease does not always allow the correct diagnosis, therefore the method of co -consulting is of great importance here, which allows you to find the eggs on a wide band in the stools that are released in the external environment 3 weeks after the infection.
The eggs come out with the dog's stool and stick to her wave.They can be listed in the mouth of a person and be swallowed if they stroke the infected dog and then take food with unwashed hands.The same can happen with the dog's kisses.In northern countries, where dogs are the closest pet for humans, echinococcosis in humans is quite common.
The echinococcosis clinic is characterized by pain in pain in the right hypochondrium, where the formation of a tumor is determined by a smooth circular surface and when breathing, displacement with the liver.As a complication of the disease, there may be a recall of a cyst or cysts, a breakthrough in the biliary tract, accompanied by acute pain, jaundice, in advanced cases in the liver, may form multiple abscesses, leading to death.
With echinococcosis of the lungs, single cysts are predominant more often in the lower lobe of the right lung.In the initial stage, the disease is often diagnosed by accident with X -Ray breast examination.Over time, cough, hemoptysis, chest pain appear.It is noted that the growth of echinococcus cysts in the lungs is often no less than the growth rate of malignant tumors.In the diagnosis of echinococcosis, the methods of choice are: radiological, ultrasonic examinations, tomography, scanning, laparoscopy, serological methods.
For prevention, it is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene when kept dogs and take care of them;Be sure to wash your hands after contact with the dog;Avoid dogs to a person's food and his dishes;Limit direct contact of children and dogs.Wandering dogs are everywhere to catch.
The sanitary education of the population is essential.
Dwarf chain - Hymenolepis Nana
The disease it causes is called hymenolipidosis.Tapeen Dwarf is insignificant in size against a wide ribbon and reaches a length of only 1-4 cm.
It is noteworthy that the development of a dwarf tapeworm happens in an owner where the larvae stage goes from the beginning and then becomes sexually mature.In this way, a person in this case is both an intermediate and a final master.
The main habitat of tapeworm is ileum and usually parasites many individuals (there are cases of finding about one thousand copies in the patient).
In the clinical picture abdominal pain, weight loss, unstable stools, neuropsychiatric disorders (insomnia, convulsions, epileptic seizures) predominate.
The diagnosis is confirmed when confirmed the dwarf eggs in the stool and the release of eggs is often interrupted, therefore, in the case of a negative result, it is recommended to conduct a study 2-3 times a month.
Prevention: Downloading the dwarf passion mainly in children, therefore, in the children's institution where patients were found, it is necessary to examine all children and staff for the presence of this helm invasion.This also applies to family members.
The widespread non -dimeosis is such a helminth invasion as ascariasis
The causative agent is a human circular worm.The ancient Russian name of the ascarids is string.The image of a folk language by this name, originating from the word "string", accurately characterizes the flexibility and elasticity of the body of Helmint.Human infection occurs when ripe, invasive eggs with soil particles, when they eat poorly washed vegetables and berries, infected fruits, sometimes when drinking water from open tanks.
Askarides refer to the "restless" helminths, their activity and mobility is a common cause of atypical localization.They can be introduced in use, causing the development of acute appendicitis;in the channels of the liver and pancreas with the development of fever, liver colic, abscesses, jaundice, in advanced cases - to rupture of the liver;Trachey can reach the upper respiratory tract, provoking asphyxia of the nasal passages and even Eustachian tubes.The intestinal obstruction caused by the ascarium tube, or due to the reflex spasm of the intestine, is not excluded, even in the presence of single parasites.
The diagnosis is confirmed by the presence of eggs in stools, but it should be borne in mind that ascaroid eggs are absent in the movements of the intestine in the presence of immature or old women in the intestine, as well as in the parasitization of some men, which is observed in 3.5 % of cases.Prevention: Vegetables and fruits should be washed thoroughly before meals and grilled with boiling water, it is not recommended to drink water waterless water.
Another type of nematodosis is enterobiosis.This disease is caused by the Vermicularis cutter.
In addition to severe itching of the skin in the perianal area, irritation and combs lead to polymorphic dermatitis.Perhaps the penetration of pinari and larvae into the urogenital pathways, the vagina in women.Functional changes in the intestine are characteristic: pain in the right iliac region, diarrhea, decreased appetite, as well as disorders of the nervous system with headache, poor sleep, irritability, reduction of work.
When diagnosing enterobiosis, it is important that patients often note the release of Pinworms.The pin in the intestine does not lay eggs, so they are extremely rare in bowel movements.The main method of diagnosis is perianal scraping in various modifications, the "sticky tape" method.
In order to prevent enterobiosis, it is necessary to wean children to bite, suck and lick their fingers.The nails should be cut briefly and follow their purity.It is often necessary to place the room with wet cleaning and ventilation.Chairs, floor toilets and night pots are poured with boiling water.
The main methods of treatment
- Pumpkin seeds
- Men's fern extract, pumpkin seeds, dichlorophen
- Walnut
- St. John's pith is perforated
- Devyasil is high
- 1 tspThe dry rhizomes with crust insist for 8 hours in 1 cup of cooled boiled water, voltage.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Boil 20 g of rhizomes with roots in 1 glass of water, insist for 4 hours, tension.Take 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
- Carrot
- Grind several root crops on a grater or pass through a meat mill;Squeeze the juice.Mix fresh juice before using honey or sugar to taste.Take 1 tbsp.l.2 times a day in the morning on an empty stomach and in the evening 1-1-1.5 hours before meals.
- 3 Tbsp.l.Boil the grated carrots in 1 glass of milk.Take carrot porridge for 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times a day before meals.
- SAGRUSH
- Tancy
- Mary is an anti -climan
- Birch is a wart
- 1 tspBirch buds insist for 1 hour in 1/2 cup boiling water, tension.The infusion is divided into 3 parts.Drink the whole serving a day at 3 doses.
- Boil 5 g birch buds for 15 minutes in 1 glass of water, insist for 1 hour, tension.Take 15--20 drops of water 2-3 times a day.
- Daisy
- Deaf drug
- 1 tspThe roots and herbs of dandelion are infused for 1 hour into 1 cup boiling water, tension.Take 1/4 cup 4 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Dandelion powder (take a dose placed on top of a knife) with water 3 times a day 1/2 hours before meals.
- Mistletoe
- 1 tspInsist the omela in 1 cup of cold boiled water.Take 1/3 cup 3 times a day.
- Boil 30 g in 1 liter of water.Take 1/2 cup 3 times a day.
- Hazelnut
- The garlic is sown
- Siberian
- Fern
- Timon ordinary (garden thyme)
- Pumpkin
- Pomegranate
The mechanism of action: changes the motor activity of the parasite, causing first relaxation and then muscle contracture.At the same time, due to the withdrawal waves, Helmint was expelled.
Method of administration and dose
Inside.They are mainly used in the presence of contraindications for the use of male fern.2 days before treatment, the cleansing enema is prescribed daily in the morning and a salt lauder on the eve of the evening.On the day of treatment, on an empty stomach, they put an enema, regardless of the presence of a chair.
Method of administration and dose
Inside, children-0,25-0.5 g, adults---1,1.5 g;once a day.Conduct 5-7 daily treatment courses with an interval of 7 days.A month later, an anti -senior treatment day is prescribed.
Application method
3 tspDry leaves insist in 2 cups boiling water for 20-30 minutes.Drink warmly in a few tricks like tea.
Application method
10 g of dry grass from St. John Vare in 1 cup boiling water, insist.Take 1 tablespoon 2-4 times a day after meals.
Application method
Application method
Dried inflorescences of wormwood are used in medical practice.They are rubbed in mortar and taken in a mixture of sugar, jam, honey, 5 g "Cycles seeds" (for adults) 3 times a day 1.5-2 hours before meals for 2 days;After the last intake at night, a laxative is prescribed.
Side phenomena for overdose: vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, respiratory depression and heart activity.
In general, due to toxicity is used in adults and not in children.Centers and essential oil have the anthelmintic effect against nematodes, especially effective for ascaridosis and endobiosis.For this purpose, dried flowers can be taken in the form of powder, in the form of infusion (1:10), as well as in the enemas of the extract on top.And 1 tbspl.3 times a day (with ascaridosis and enterobiosis).
Application method
1 tspThe dry tip of Marie Antiglas, along with the fruits, insist 2 glasses of boiling water, tension.Take 1 tbsp.l.3 times a day 20 minutes before meals.
Kidney decoction has an antelmint effect in roundworms.
Application method
Decoction is used to throw out small worms.
Application method
2 tspInsist herbs with colored baskets from levels for 4 hours in 1 cup boiling water, tension.Take 1 tbsp.l.3-4 times a day.To use a stronger infusion for washing and lotions.
All parts of the plant have antelmint.
Application method
Omel has antelmintic (roundworms).
Application method
Walnut oil is taken inside as antelmutal ascarid.
Warm garlic broth is used for antelmintic enemas.With pinworms, a slice of garlic is introduced into the anus, which kills parasites.
A larch turpentine is obtained.In folk medicine, turpentine is used inside as a medicine for strip worms.
The rhizomes have a very effective effect against red worms.
Timol is obtained from the essential oil of the plant, which acts on the worms of the ribbon, paralyzing their muscles.
Purified seeds with gray-green skin, lost and mixed with water, are consumed against strips of tape (tapeworm).
Application method
Pumpkin seeds acquire an empty stomach;Adult dose - 150-200 g, children - 50-100 g.
Adults are prescribed a decoction of 500 g of inexperienced seeds, children 10 years old from 300.0 g, 5-7 years from the age of 200.0 g, up to 5 years-from 100-150.0.0 g.
The permanent purpose of pumpkin seeds at a conventional dose and fern extract in small doses (adults 2.5-3.0 g, children according to age) increases the effectiveness of treatment.The fern extract is prescribed an hour after the intake of pumpkin seeds and after the reception of fern is gave a laxative.
The bark of the roots and branches of the grenade has a strong paralyzing effect on the worms of the strap.
Application method
1 tspBoil the leather unconventionality (peeling) of fruits or flowers of pomegranate in 1 glass of water, insist for 2 hours, tension.Take 1 tbsp.l.3 times a day before meals.
You need to start treatment as soon as possible.